Diabetes Mellitus II

Diabetes mellitus refers to â€Å"a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels that result from defects in insulin secretion, or action, or both. † (Mathur, 2009) This chronic medical condition occurs when the production of insulin, a hormone released by the pancreas in order to regulate the blood sugar levels, is absent or insufficient. Two major types of diabetes are 1. ) type 1 diabetes which requires the affected person to be insulin-dependent as his pancreas has been damaged by auto-immune attacks, making it unable to release the hormone and 2. type 2 diabetes which is also called non-insulin diabetes mellitus as the patients who suffer from this disease can still produce their own insulin.As a matter of fact, for the latter, excessive amounts of insulin are produced by the body. This, however, damages the beta cell, the part of the pancreas that releases insulin, and causes the depletion of the production of insulin in the long run. Th is paper will focus on diabetes mellitus 2, the causes of this chronic disease as well as the physiological limitations that it can impose on a person’s exercise program.It will also include the symptoms that a fitness instructor must watch out for when training an individual suffering from type 2 diabetes. This information will be used to create an exercise program for a subject with this chronic disease. In this section, the intensity, frequency, duration and the method for determining how the program should progress will be identified. Any prescribed medication that may affect the person’s performance should also be considered in the creation of this program.Although diabetes mellitus II is coined adult-onset diabetes as it normally develops in adults who are forty years and above, the number of children who have been diagnosed with this disease has also increased in number. Although genetics or complications during pregnancy may play a role in the development of th is disease, obesity is still identified as the major cause of this problem. An individual who has a Body Mass Index (BMI) that is 20% higher than the ideal has a higher chance of becoming diabetic.Other major risk factors associated with diabetes are age, family history, race, a history of previous impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG), hypertension, a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and polycystic ovarian syndrome. (Votey & Peters, 2009) In the past, people ages 40 and above are more prone to this disease. But, now, due to the sharp increase in the number of children with this disease, this might as well be considered as a pediatric disease. A person’s family history should also be considered when determining a person’s risk to acquire this disease.People with first degree relatives who are diabetic can have a higher chance of acquiring this disease. They may have acquired the gene that stimulates the production of a protein that inhibits the role of insulin in cellular glucose transport. A person’s ethnic group can also increase a person’s risk of acquiring this disease. Afro-Americans, Hispanic Americans, Pacific Islanders, American Indians and Asians have a higher chance of becoming diabetic. A person’s blood pressure and cholesterol level can also determine if he is prone to diabetes.People with a blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg and above, a cholesterol level of 35 mg-dL-1 or below or a triglycerol level of 250 mg-dL-1 will have a higher risk of becoming diabetic. (McArdle, p. 452, 2007) For people with type 2 diabetes, an increase in glucose levels occur because of relative insulin deficiency or the insufficient production of insulin by the pancreas, insulin resistance or the decrease in the effects of insulin on peripheral tissues, especially muscles, or a combination of these two problems.Of course, insulin resistance, doesn’t necessarily mean that a person has diabetes . This, however, can cause diabetes in the long run, especially if the person’s diet is rich in simple carbohydrates. Because of insulin resistance, glucose is converted to triacylglycerol and is stored as fat. Since fat cells have a tendency to be insulin-resistant due to its reduced insulin receptor density, the person’s insulin resistance can reach a level that exceeds the maximum output of the pancreas.Both resistance and aerobic training can help in the management of these factors by improving insulin are glucagon responses. Since skeletal muscles consume a lot of glucose, approximately 70 to 90% of the glucose present in the body, resistance training which increases muscle mass can increase insulin sensitivity, leading to better glucose control. Endurance training, on the other hand, â€Å"maintains the blood level of insulin and glucagon during exercise closer to resting values. † (McArdle, p. 451, 2007)Ideally, the management of diabetes involves dieting , exercising and taking in the prescribed medication, if there is any. There are, however, some cases when the blood sugar level of the patient is too high and exercise needs to be put off. At the same time, although exercise can be very beneficial to diabetics, it can be counterproductive if the condition of the client is not examined properly. Before a client is given a program, the instructor must first make sure that he has his doctor’s consent.The instructor should also know if the client has the following complications: retinal hemorrhage, increased proteinuria, acceleration of microvascular lesions, cardiac arrhythmias, ischemic heart disease, excessive blood pressure during exercise, postexercise orthostatic hyerptension, increased hyperglycemia, increased ketosis, foot ulcers, orthopedic injury related to neuropathy and accelerated degenerative joint disease. The exercise should be adjusted based on these factors.Obese individuals, for example, should be given lesser weight-bearing exercises. At the same time, they should also be given longer rest periods in order to avoid increase in blood pressure. People with heart and blood pressure problems must not be allowed to exercise when the temperature is too high or the atmosphere is too humid. They should also be given ample rest in between sets. They should also avoid isometric exercises as well as exercises that involve raising the weight overhead or holding positions wherein the head is lower than legs.Aside from the risks caused by complications, the instructor should also pay attention to signs of hypoglycemia, especially if the client is taking in insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents. Mild hypoglycemia is characterized by trembling or shakiness, nervousness, palpitations, increased sweating and excessive hunger. People with moderate hypoglycemic reactions experience headaches, irritability and abrupt mood changes, impaired concentration and attentiveness, mental confusion and drowsiness.In se vere cases, the individual becomes unresponsive and unconscious and experiences convulsions. For such instances, the instructor must be attentive to these symptoms so that he can react immediately. Since some patients take ß-blocker medication, hypoglycemic unawareness should be expected and it is up to the instructor to make the client stop exercising, measure his glucose level and have him eat some simple carbohydrates like hard candies and sugar cubes if hypoglycemia is confirmed. The client should then be asked to rest for ten to fifteen minutes.After that, his glucose level should once again be measured before allowing him to continue the exercise regiment. Another risk that should be avoided is late-onset hypoglycemia wherein the diabetic’s blood sugar remains low even after four to forty-eight hours has passed. This can happen if the client’s exercise is too strenuous for him. For this reason, high-intensity exercise should not be administered to a diabetic i ndividual, especially if he has been prescribed some insulin or hypoglycemic agents.He should begin with a low-intensity program that gradually increases in intensity. Changes in intensity must be made after a period of three to six weeks so that the individual would be given enough time to adjust. According to Erikkson's study (Janot & Kravitz, 2009), doing some resistance training twice a week is enough to show results. Beginning with this frequency is also advisable as the instructor would be given the time to observe the client's reaction to the exercise. He would also be able to clear him of late-onset hypoglycemia.The study done by Ishii and his colleagues (Janot & Kravitz, 2009) shows that the range of the load given to diabetic individuals should be 40 to 50% of their 1 rep max. They should do around 2 sets of 25 repetitions. And, they should be given 30 to 120 seconds of rest in between sets. Based on the FITT principle, people with type 2 diabetes can have 3 to 5 times a w eek of aerobic exercise. The intensity should be 40 to 60% of the maximum HR and the duration should be around 30 to 60 minutes, unless the person is taking hypoglycemic agents or insulin.

Learning and Student Code Essay

The Student Code of Conduct and the Student Code of Academic Integrity were both very informative. In the Student Code of Conduct, there was no information that I can say that I found very shocking. All of the rules that are listed in the Student Code of Conduct, seem to be in place to ensure that students will be able to learn and work in a safe and productive environment. In the Student Code of Academic Integrity, there was also nothing that I can say that I found necessarily surprising. In a learning environment, us as students should be expected to rely on our own academic abilities, and submit work that is our own. What did you learn about the behaviors considered important for an ethical learner or student in the University of Phoenix learning community? Each student has their own unique set of ethics, principals and rules, which help us to determine the choices that we will make in life as well as during our learning experience. I learned that the way that each of us learn and react to different situations, can be from a variety of many different things. For example, our DNA, upbringing, as well as the communities in which we grew up in play a vital role in our decision making process and the ethical choices that we decide to make. At the University of Phoenix, it is important that each member follow the ethical standards, to ensure that every student is safe and treated with respect. Why are the Student Code of Conduct and Student Code of Academic Integrity important to you and the University of Phoenix learning community? The Student Code of Conduct and the Student Code of Academic Integrity are both very Important resources to being a productive member of the University of Phoenix Learning Community. The Student Code of Conduct is designed to ensure that students are aware of what is expected of them and focuses on the behaviors that will guarantee that each student is safe and treated with respect, and able to learn in a productive environment. The student code of Academic Integrity is very important as a student and contributor to the University of Phoenix learning community. The Code of Academic Integrity teaches students the importance of relying own their own learning abilities and thoughts when completing assignments and coursework.

Augsburg College's physician assistant studies program is one of many Essay

Augsburg College's physician assistant studies program is one of many program nationally. What are some of the reasons you are applying to this program - Essay Example Among all physician assistant programs offered in Minnesota, I chose Augsburg College’s physician assistant program. I got to learn about this program while working as a volunteer at Abbott Northwestern Hospital as I interacted with various students in the physician assistant program during their clinical rotation. I undoubtedly consider Augsburg College’s physician assistant program the best among the three physician’s assistant programs offered by colleges in Minnesota. Augsburg College was the first to offer physician assistant program in Minnesota, which has a strong bearing on its reputation. The program as offered by Augsburg is well established and most members of the faculty practice in the medical setting. They are also committed to serving the community which is one of the main factors that has motivated my choice of the physician assistant program. The college’s faculties are up-to-date in that they all offer new skills and are committed to lifelong learning. The PANCE test score has proven the success of the Augsburg physician assistant program as it hit 93% nationwide for the first time taker. In addition to its great teaching strategy, Augsburg’s physician program is committed to serve already underserved community of urban and rural areas. Clinical rotations are done in both rural and urban areas which satisfy my desire to work in the rural setting. In conclusion, physician assistants play a very important role in health care teams. The principles that guide my choice of best school such as commitment to undeserved population, skillful teaching strategies, and lifelong learning are the same principles that guide the physician assistant program in Augsburg College (Keizer 3). This is an assurance that this program will give me an opportunity to learn, grow intellectually through lifelong learning and dedicate my work to under-served communities. Augsburg

Volkswagen Strategic Position Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Volkswagen Strategic Position - Essay Example Volkswagen entered with a share of ownership of 50% for production and sell of cars in the markets of Greater China. Subsequently in 1991, Volkswagen expanded its operations with a second joint venture in the name of FAW-Volkswagen Automotive Company Ltd. The markets of Greater china are one of the major markets of the German automobile group. By 2004, the German automaker group has laid its strong foundation to forms its subsidiary by the name of Volkswagen Group China. The company is governed by a six member committee of senior management. The senior management is responsible for corporate governance and supervision of the group in Greater China. The members of the governing body are accountable for several divisions of the operations and management that include sales and marketing, finance, operations, personnel and government relations, technology, etc. By focusing on these key areas and strengthening its strategic position in Greater China, the Volkswagen Group China today has s ixteen offices that are spread across the country that caters to the automobile markets. Volkswagen over the years has not generated huge scales of revenue from the sell of cars in the markets of Greater China but is also a key contributor to the rapid pace of growth of the economy of China. The members of the governing body in Greater China are not only responsible for the supervision of its operations but also look at the opportunities for new investments for expansion of the markets of the group. Volkswagen group in China has expanded its volume of production of cars over the years with the optimal use of resources of production. The volume of sales of Volkswagen Group China has reached around 2.81... This essay stresses that since the entry of VW in China it has become the largest Automobile Company in the country. One of the biggest reasons of success of VW has been the choice of market entry strategy which happened to be JV. This helped the company to reduce the environmental risks and set up effective distribution network in the country. As a result China has become the second largest market for VW after VW. Volkswagen has very few weaknesses. Some of them have been discussed in this section. Has relatively low amount of new technology and skills over the competitors. The management of the company is also quite old. One of the major opportunities has been the entry of China into WTO which has opened up the economy inviting a lot more investment opportunities. Another major opportunity has been the growth of the Chinese automobile market. This paper makes a conclusion that the company should focus on augmentation through augmented services such as make to order sales programs to gain customers trust and market share. Volkswagen and the JV partners may have to invest a lot more to boost up the out capacity and to increase sales in China. In future Volkswagen may have to use china as the base or hub to explore the Asian market. Already Volkswagen has made it clear about plans to export cars made in China to different Asian countries. This may help the company to lower the cost and improve quality.

FINAL EXAMINATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

FINAL EXAMINATION - Essay Example Like in the case of an opening conversation a closing conversation also plays a very essential role. This is because a conversation cannot be referred to be effective if it comes to an abrupt ending without any kind of acknowledgement or even a small summarization of the topic of discussion. Self-Disclosure is defined as â€Å"a conscious, intentional technique in which clinicians share information about their lives outside the counselling relationship† (Simone, McCarthy, & Skay, 1998, p.174). The main guidelines are the communication skills which can be used to avoid any lacking information for the process. It is up to the counsellors to be direct and concise. Self disclosures need to be very straight forward without any wastage of time. It requires being clear to both the clients as well as the counsellors with details and effective information. Attraction theory: This theory is based on the external looks. The theory states that relations start on the basis of attraction and work based on the law of attraction. There is no space given to the attitudes as much as the looks and attraction levels. Relationship Rules theory: This theory was set down by Schimanoff in 1990. The theory states that all relationships have a set of rules which need to be followed in order for the relationship to work. These include various aspects of the relationship like prohibited, preferred or obligated behavior in different situations. Social Penetration theory: The social penetration theory states that as relationships develop, communication moves from relatively shallow, non – intimate levels to deeper, more personal ones (Altman & Taylor, 1973). Social Exchange/Equity theory: This theory explains how people feel about their relationships with the other person and this is mainly based on the balance of what one individual has put into the relationship when compared to what is got out of the relationship, the relationship that is actually deserved and finally

Argumentative Research Paper - Pet Health Insurance Essay

Argumentative Research Paper - Pet Health Insurance - Essay Example Veterinary costs can add up and create a financial burden. Until a few years ago, the concept of having insurance for pets seemed preposterous. More people are now taking advantage of pet insurance to ensure their pet will receive the best care available should an emergency arise. Some insurance companies wont insure pets over a certain age while others will insure pets as long as the pet is enrolled before it reaches a specified age. Premier Pet Insurance (PPI), for example, will insure older cats, but the cat must be enrolled in the program before reaching age ten. VPI will insure cats at any age but may request medical records for those aged twelve and over. "When a pet grows older that is when pet owners need insurance most," says Stephens. The adoption of health insurance which covers household pets is currently on the rise in contemporary North America. It might be considered a logical and competent assessment to offer that the most significant reasoning behind the incorporation of pet health insurance is due to the culturally-related viewpoint that dogs and cats are more than merely domesticated animals; rather they are considered long-time companions. From a medical standpoint, pet health insurance is supported by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), which likely adds credence to the validity of pet-related insurance policies. From a citizens perspective, such insurance likely offers a sense of security to pet owners in the event that their beloved animals suffer accidental injury or simply require routine veterinary care. To the business owner and investor, pet insurance represents an opportunity to increase profitability and increase marketing potential through various organizational partnerships. According to statistics, the instances of pet health insurance had risen from 195,000 in 2001 to approximately 392,000 policies

Teaching and Learning Turkish in Cyprus Thesis Proposal

Teaching and Learning Turkish in Cyprus - Thesis Proposal Example The research will target at evaluating the trends and the suitability of the technological environment of the county as well as the appropriateness of learning/teaching Turkish in the country as a foreign or second language in the southern part of Cyprus; Limassol. To have reliable results both quantitative and qualitative research methodology will be applied. Among the latest action plans put in place by the European Union is (EU) is linguistic diversity and language learning within lifelong learning scope. Lifelong learning refers to all learning activities undertaken within someone’s life, with an objective of improving skills, competence, and knowledge within a civic, personal, and other perspectives related to employment. Around 200 semi-structured interviews should be conducted using qualitative and quantitative research methodologies. The participants will include university students, colleges’ students and other Turkish speakers living in Limassol. Over 1000 det ailed questionnaires should be formulated and later analyzed after data collection. A comparison should be made and the conclusion drawn basing the argument on the results. Observations should be carried out mainly on the attitude, behavior, and approach of the e-learning by students and teachers. Other observations should target impacts of other language education, challenges facing those offering the languages as well as the gaps in language education in the country. Following the country’s education curriculum, Turkish e-learning, open-learning, and distant learning institutions should be set up in the strategic regions. The location should be based on long-run effects as well as competition from other language institution. The establishment should be after the shortest time possible. Other factors to be considered are government regulations, security, and mission. The learning schedule should be ready by this time; e-learning protocol should be well designed with simplici ty to facilitate comprehension by any kind of student. Guidelines of who can apply or how can one apply should be laid down; there should be an offer to facilitate many applicants and quick establishment.

Improving the Presidential Election Process Essay

Improving the Presidential Election Process - Essay Example ults collected from primary elections and caucuses are used to determine the number of delegates to be assigned to the national conventions of each party (Sabato, 2006, p 61). The appointed delegates then select the presidential nominees basing on the party’s by-laws for their parties as they move towards November General Elections. This system of undertaking caucuses and presidential primaries is faced with shortcomings when some states hold their primary elections and caucuses earlier than others leading to biased allocation of delegates in each state. On the contrary the process is successful when campaign costs are cut down due to candidates concentrating resources in one state at a time because of the prolonged period of both caucuses and primary elections. According to the United States electoral procedures, delegates elected into the national conventions are charged with the responsibility of nominating official presidential candidates for the two major political parties of the United States (Kendall, 2000, p 56). To provide a balanced electoral system for the primary elections and caucuses, there need to be a balanced primary system where primary contents could be held in between late January and late May. Each state should be assigned a specific time frame and provision for electing 12% of delegates from a single state for party nominations. Using this system will have provisions where larger states will have more positions for additional delegates since the smaller states would have been catered for. In addition, a balanced diversity in the contest could be maximized by pairing liberal states with conservative states and urban areas to be harmonized with rural areas. By implementing this proposed system of conducting both primary elections and caucuses in each state, lesser known political candidates will get an equal chance to be nominated just like their influencing opponents. Furthermore it will cut down on advertising costs and travel time hence

Scene comparison between the movie Il Gattopardo (The Leopard by Essay

Scene comparison between the movie Il Gattopardo (The Leopard by Visconti) and the novel - Essay Example The battle scenes, was developed from various Italy regions depending on the armies constitution that were involved in the battles. The resulting movie captivated all the senders. The film has recreated the atmosphere of19th century in a thorough manner; on their fittings and interiors, time of day, color, scorching heat, coolness search, and the dust that covers the noble when making their way to the Castle Donnafugata, the cloths used, the coaches interior, and the filthy cloak of clergyman, the furniture, and the single frame of the ball sequence accounts for a quarter of the film and which seems to be unending. This is the world that is portrayed by the author, in the disappearing verge, and in the look of the most proustian film that has ever been shot. For the miracle to achieve a collection of outstanding talents was collected veterans seasoned by multiple Viscotian battles. The Palermo aristocrats played in the sequence of dance but also lent the producer a lot of mise-en-sce ne. The film is the work where the author challenges the impossible, selecting to recreate realistically events which took a century earlier. The achievement of the author is magnificent that it appears the various echoes of 19th century outlook in the film have not been highlighted. The painting on the wall of the house participated in a dialogue with the prince of Salina and protagonists. During the dancing break, while contemplating a Jean Baptista famous painting. The prince of Salim is involved in death attempt for the first time and he imagines the next departure of young Tancredi. In the film, the director appeared to embrace contradictions. How did the Italian neorealism progenotir, which emphasizes the mise en scene naturalistic, eventually move towards making the operatic costume dramas and grand? According to Salvador Dali, he describes the producer and the communist that like luxury. The multiple questions are generated when watching the film. To fully understand the puz zle, the film story need not be told without mentioning its source (novel). The historical time is Risorgimento; collection of conflicts that resulted to the formation of a single political entire of Italy, and within the events of the 1860 that same the Garibaldi’s army helped by local militia that rebelled against the Bourbon

A Business Research Proposal of British Airways

A Business of British Airways - Research Proposal Example The role of social media is very critical in today’s market, as business are desperate of attracting new customers and retaining the new ones as there is intensified competition in the market share of the customers (Kaplan & Haenlein 2010, 63). The airline industry is one of the most competitive markets in the service sector. Major airline operators in the industry are fighting to not only understand the needs of their customers but also in tracking their level of satisfaction with their services (Prokesch 1995, 109). As a result, the utilization of modern social technologies in reaching the customers has become a fundamental practice to enhance competitiveness among key players in the industry. A key player in the airline industry in the United Kingdom is the British Airways that owns about 47 per cent of UK airline market share (Mills 2003, 17). The purpose of the research study is focusing on the role of the social media on the British Airway Company as part of the company’s Customer Relationship Management strategy (CRM). As a result of the low differentiation of the services offered in the industry, the airline industry has become one of the markets under stiff competition in the service sector. As a result, major firms operating in the sector are adopting devise innovative strategies to improve their relationship with their customers through the Customer Relationship Management systems (Belobaba et al. 2009, par 1). The social media has developed to be one of the most effective and convenient platforms due to its popularity where customers are engaged, and communication is also enhanced. CRM has been related to understanding the needs of the customers and addressing them in a timely manner thus social media plays a key role  in enhancing effective CRM (Verhoef 2003, 33). In regards to the to the intensified competition in the

Effects of Improving Productivity in Lost Foam Industry Essay Example for Free

Effects of Improving Productivity in Lost Foam Industry Essay The lost foam or expendable pattern-casting process is a relatively new process in commercial terms, but is gaining increased attention due to the environmental and technical benefits that are achievable for some types of casts. In the lost foam casting process, an expendable pattern is formed out of polystyrene foam. Patterns can be made manually, using automated systems or by molding those using a permanent die. Manual pattern making typically involves carving blocks and gluing sections together to build up the desired shape. The finished pattern is a single piece (i. e. no cores) incorporating all necessary gating systems. Process details and organizational: Lost foam casting is a type of investment casting process which uses foam patterns as the investment. This technique takes advantage of the properties of foam to plainly and inexpensively form castings that would be complicated or impossible, using normal cope and drag techniques. Why foam casting? In the world of metal casting, there are only three non-captive aluminum lost foam job shops exist, where the traditional process called sand casting remains at the top. But most of the companies could offer only with a lost foam facility. The manufacturers gives value-added castings, though the casting part might be initially more expensive, but the entire cost of the component, for the reason that of reduced or eliminated machining, less assembly and less of the other aspects, can make it more commercial for its customers. The green sand, permanent mold and die cast are lot of established processes but there is only handful of lost foam aluminum users. Even though the fact that there are only a small number of lost foam job shops across the country, some of the Irish and American Foam Cast still have to compete in the entire metal casting market. Due to the higher tooling costs than traditional casting the customers disregard lost foam strictly. Initially customers might be turned away by costs, but comparing to those cast by traditional methods certain lost foam components can be less-expensive. When estimating lost foam, with a total-cost point of view from design to finished component, customers save on unavoidable expenses in sand casting. Some of the customers were hesitant on utilizing lost foam because of its intricacies, when the Foam Cast drew in its first potential customers. But lost foam supplies the ability to design without interior while casting in geometry and features from the start. The lost foam can facilitate the staff to execute direct administration correctly over the casting process even with in the facility. Lost foam can also fabricate multiple parts to make one casting from thin to thick wall components independent of a riser. Advantages of Lost Foam Casting †¢ The lost foam casting can be used for precision castings of ferrous and non-ferrous metals independent of size. †¢ Compared to sand casting fewer steps are involved in lost foam casting †¢ In the foam casting system ‘Core making’ is eliminated. †¢ Binders or other additives and related mixing processes are eliminated. †¢ High dimensional accuracy can be achieved and thin sections can be cast (i. e. 3 mm). †¢ There is lower capital investment. †¢ The flasks used are less expensive and easier to use because they are in one piece. †¢ The need for skilled labor is reduced. †¢ Multiple castings can be combined in one mould to increase pouring efficiency. †¢ Lower operating costs can be achieved for appropriate castings. †¢ Complex castings, particularly internal sections, which require high dimensional accuracy and have thin sections, can be produced very cost effectively in comparison with to conventional sand molding processes. †¢ Fettling and machining is minimized due to high dimensional accuracy and the absence of parting lines or core fins. †¢ The shakeout process is simplified and does not require the heavy machinery required for bonded sand systems. †¢ High levels of sand reuse are possible. As little as 1-2% of the sand is lost as a result of spills. Periodically a portion of sand may need to be removed or reclaimed to avoid the build-up of styrene. Advantageous Productivity Areas of Lost Foam Process in Industry: ? Reduce Production Costs – The lost Foam process provides opportunity to reduce the labor as well as the content of energy and make other efficiency improvements must be pursued. As the activity based cost accounting approaches do the Lean manufacturing, six sigma and other concepts to progress operating efficiencies need to be practiced. Revolutionary technologies and process changes also should be investigated to achieve metal casting without the use of tooling. The industry should investigate the application and blending of statistical, shop floor layout, computer numerical control, and scheduling technologies to radically change the nature of EOQ’s, production release sizes, inventory levels, and delivery performance in metal casting plants. ? Reduce the Energy Content of Cast Products – In the lost foam system the energy consumption can be reduced by improving product quality thereby decreasing the scrap and melting requirements. The Improvements in equipment and process efficiencies can also save energy. The foam casting industry should build up a complete understanding of thermo physical behavior of alloys in melting, flow, and solidification as well as the capability to accurately simulate these behaviors. ? Waste Management – In the foam casting system, in order to enable increased reuse of foundry sand and other by-products and waste streams, more environmentally sound binders, and better emission treatment, the improvement in process are required. These Process improvements will also help to reduce scrap and thereby waste in casting processes. ? Reduced Labor Content of Cast Products –the current foam casting practices must be investigated in order to identify opportunities to decrease the number of steps in the process, develop and implement no-touch casting processes, and execute advanced information and control technologies. ? High-Quality, High-Performance Engineered Cast Components –the techniques to progress quality, precision and performance will result in fewer customer returns. The foam industry must develop an understanding of all process variation which affects the performance of castings in their applications; and develop process controls to ensure that variation is within allowable limits. Better performing products will also open new markets for metal castings. Tools are needed to capture digital, analog, or computer vision signals from all levels of the metal casting process to provide real time feedback about process status and to provide the ability to correct variances before they become product defects. The current status of Metal Casting Industry: According to Donahue â€Å"There have been significant advances from the past two years in aluminum lost foam, and yet domestic growth is almost non-existent†. The development have been made possible not because of a large group of lost foam metal casters but because of individual metal casters. According to Donahue, this influx of capital has contributed to advances in eight key areas of aluminum lost foam casting: * New types of foam which resists the folding and creating voids; * Improvement of the metal interface with sand by coatings; * Sand with low expansion rates that fill more quickly and completely; * More capable compaction systems; * reduced porosity through pressurized solidification; * Alloys that is more compatible with the filling process unique to lost foam; * modeling software; * gating advancements, such as hollow fiber sprues. Lean Manufacturing Lean Manufacturing is an operational strategy oriented achieving towards the shortest achievable cycle time by eliminating the waste. Its key thrust is to increase the value-added work by eliminating waste and reducing incidental work. The procedure often decreases the time between a customer order and shipment, and it is designed to radically improve profitability, customer satisfaction, throughput time, and employee morale. The advantages are lower costs, higher quality, and shorter lead times. The term lean manufacturing is invented to represent half the human effort in the organization, half the manufacturing space, half the investment in tools, and half the engineering hours to develop a new product in half the time. Jones and Mitchell (2006) as cited in Clive Atkinson Dr Margaret Linehan suggests Four significant benefits that can be gained through the adoption of lean management to an organization. First, increased productivity with the same workers with the existing resource levels. Second, the Improvement of delivery of work within less time. Third, reduction of error or defects and improved quality. As a Fourth one, Improved Customer satisfaction derived from the improved staff morale and a stable workforce. The characteristics of lean processes are: 1. Single-piece production 2. Repetitive order characteristics 3. Just-In-Time materials/pull scheduling 4. Short cycle times 5. Quick changeover 6. Continuous flow work cells 7. Collocated machines, equipment, tools and people 8. Compressed space 9. Multi-skilled employees 10. Flexible workforce 11. Empowered employees 12. High first-pass yields with major reductions in defects Lean Manufacturing integrates the use of Heijunka, level sequential flow, the heartbeat or pace of the production system, continuous flow manufacturing, cellular manufacturing, and pull production scheduling techniques such as Kanban. The Lean module explores the 5 Principles: †¢ Value: it deals with –What the customer is willing to pay for. †¢ Value Stream: Actions which adds value to a product or process. †¢ Flow: The continuous movement of product, favoring single-piece flow and work cells versus production lines. †¢ Pull: Replacing only material that is used and eliminating excessive inventory. †¢ Strive for Perfection: A relentless elimination of waste on a never-ending basis. Applying Kaizen as a Tool of Lean Manufacturing Technique: Kaizen Event: This is a quick-hit method for Lean process improvement. This tool needs organizational learning and readiness for implementation and is a power tool to eliminate waste in the facilities of casting industry. . Tools: Kaizen Model Kaizen was created in Japan following World War II. The word Kaizen means continuous improvement. It comes from the Japanese words kai which means change or to correct and Zen which means good. The Mixed model, one piece flow manufacturing can become a reality only when setup can happen in seconds. In these days several companies are doing mixed model assembly. Progressive automobile manufacturers use mixed model assembly methods to customize each vehicle as it comes down the line. The power of the approach presented in kaizen for quick change over is to help make it possible to do mixed modeling in production as well by making changeovers even faster. Kaizen is a system which involves every employee from superior management to the cleaning crew. Everyone is encouraged to come up with small improvement suggestions on a regular basis. This is not a once a month or once a year activity, it is a continuous process. These repeated small developments add up to major benefits. These will result in improved productivity, improved quality, better safety, faster delivery, lower costs, and better customer satisfaction. Above all of these benefits to the company, the employees working in Kaizen-based companies generally feels easier to work and more enjoyable resulting in higher employee moral and work satisfaction, and lower turn-over. With every employee looking for ways to make improvements, the expected results will be: Reduces Waste: In particular areas such as inventory management, waiting times, transportation, and worker motion, employee skills, over production, excess quality and in processes kaizen model will reduces wastage. Improvement: it improves in space utilization, product quality, use of capital, communications, production capacity and in the maintenance of employee. Kaizen Offer: It provides immediate results in the organization. Instead of focusing on large, capital intensive improvements, Kaizen focuses on creative investments which solve continually more number of small problems. Still the large and capital projects and major changes in that are needed; nevertheless kaizen improves the process of capital projects, the real power of kaizen is in the ongoing process of frequently making small improvements which develops the processes and reducing waste simultaneously. SMED SYSTEM: The other tool called SMED system is a process which makes possible to perform arrangement of equipment and changeover operations with in ten minutes, and is also used as an element of Total Productive Maintenance –TPM. Effects of 1. Forming of Implementation Team: The production employees/executors and professional team members, having responsibilities in their own sectors, represent the best alternative for team members. The purpose in implementing the 5S techniques is to enlarge the effectiveness through the development of knowledge and skills of the workers, and their responsibility. By this technique workers become more dedicated to their work; they are capable to understand appropriately the given situation and can take the correct decisions. Hence the implementation team members must act as a machine, production, tool and design technologist. 2. Training: The maintenance employees have to perform changeover team and machine setup has to be introduced into and qualified in implementing new methods and the procedures introduced into changeover procedures minimum once a week. Clarifying all the misunderstandings, training is forecasted to be done per team and questions as well as giving clear directions to enable faster and easier tool exchange (SMED). 3. Survey and screening of the situation prior to the method implementation Every changeover detail are recorded in video and complete work activity sequence is written down. Every move and every activity of the operator have to be recorded specifically, hence any unnecessary activity to attain even worse results. The same procedure recording should be done after implementing the method to establish the effectiveness in both applying the method and accomplishing the result (SMED). 4. Classification of Activity: In the classification of activity it is consists of the analysis of recorded material and the activities which can be divided into two groups: the internal and external ones. External activities are all the set up activities which can be performed while machine is in operation; where as the Internal set up activities are the ones that can be performed only if the machine is not in operation. The Internal activities refer to the dismantling of used tool, to the mounting of new ones and ascertaining communication in line of machine tool (SMED). 5. Transforming internal activities into external activities: The Transformation of internal activities into external activities is much possible. It is the most proficient procedure ever for decreasing machine outage rates (SMED). 6. Improvement of internal activities minimization – Set the tools visually, at the hand of operator (5S) – Using the connectors that may be rapidly exchanged for all tool power sources (5S) – Possible Usage of as many locating pins for accurate tool positioning. (SMED) – Cranes with sliding transporters (SMED) – Using of cranes for heavy tools only (SMED) – Using of standard tools as possible (SMED) 7. Improvement of External activities: – Placing visual markings for easier and faster identification (5S) – Using check list to prevent unpredictable events in resources preparation (5S) – â€Å"At hand† tool organization (5S) – Work place organization that decreases tool search time (5S) – Using appropriate tool preheating machine along with adequate device (SMED). 8. Forming and Standardization of the SMED procedures. 9. Saves quantification of savings reached by SMED. 10. CIP (Continuous Improvement Process) Applicability of Lean to Lost foam Industry: The five-step thought process for directing the implementation of lean techniques is easy to remember, but not easy to achieve: 1. By using the product family –the specification of value from the standpoint of the end customer. 2. Elimination of steps when necessary, that do not create value and identifying all the steps in the value stream for each product family. 3. Make the value-creating steps occur in tight sequence such that the product will flow smoothly toward the customer. 4. As flow is introduced, permit customers to pull value from the next upstream activity. 5. As value is specified, value streams are identified, wasted steps are removed, and flow and pull are introduced, begin the process again and continue it until a state of perfection is reached in which perfect value is created without any waste. There are several approaches an organization must take to meet the desired goal. Here, are some outlined tips to ensure a continuous lean transformation. 1. Identifying the company’s cultural model: Culture answers the question of how do we do things around here? and is actually the accumulation of leadership behaviors. Any organization which is serious about becoming lean needs to identify its cultural model and determine how to close the gap from the current cultural state to the ideal future cultural state. Once the base of improvement action works to build new principles, values and behaviors into the organization, then the ideal culture aspired to and begin to work on organized progress toward that ideal state is to defined. In the end, the organizations culture determines the ultimate success of any lean transformation. 2. A process improvement culture should be build: After identifying this model, a culture that practices process improvement should be build as part of daily life. Changing from a reactive culture to a process-improvement culture requires embracing an opposite approach. 3. Establishing a practice of leadership involvement The senior leadership committed to lean improvement only to drop off after the implementation gets started. Bringing leaders to the point where they recognize how to seek out waste before removing it drives the success of lean transformation. 4. Continually engage in rapid improvement events The most effective way a manager or manufacturing engineer learns how to apply lean tools and concepts is through participation in the initial week-long improvement event. The next step is to establish a series of these events as you develop new processes and uncover additional areas of waste, which will help you incorporate lean into every aspect of the business. Effects of Improving Productivity in Lost Foam Industry: Metal Casting industries that apply Lean manufacturing principles can be seen improvements in the following areas: †¢ Reduced Manufacturing Lead Time to less than 1 day †¢ Improved Delivered Quality – The defect rate is reducing to Six SIGMA level which is 3 Parts Per Million †¢ Improved Delivery Performance to 99+% †¢ Increased Inventory Turns to greater than 50 turns per year †¢ Reduced conversion costs on materials to finished goods is to 25 – 40% which is less than mass producers †¢ Reduced Manufacturing space to 35 – 50% which is less than mass producers †¢ Reduces New product development rate to less than 6 months References: Clive Atkinson Dr Margaret Linehan, An Analysis of Lean Management Procedures within Irish Motor Dealerships: International Journal of Buisnessand Management Vol . 3, No. 11, Retrieved July 18, 2009, from http://ccsenet.org/journal/index. php/ijbm/article/viewFile/894/849 Dennis Sowards, Lean Thinking is not a Fad Diet, Retrieved July 18, 2009, from http://www. masetllc. com/news/pdfs/0306-1. pdf Lean management practices in the pharmaceutical industry Heiko Gebauer, Michael Kickuth, Thomas Friedli International Journal of Services and Operations Management 2009 Vol. 5, No. 4 pp. 463 – 481 Kaizen, Retrieved July 18, 2009, from http://www. graphicproducts. com/tutorials/kaizen/kaizen-benefits. php Lost-foam casting, Retrieved July 18, 2009, from http://www.reference. com/browse/wiki/Lost-foam_casting Modern casting, Retrieved July 18, 2009, from http://goliath. ecnext. com/coms2/gi_0199-3666396/Finding-a-niche-with-lost. html Lost Foam Foundries find Energy-Saving Opportunities, Retrieved July 18, 2009, from http://www. foundrymag. com/feature/feature/67804/lost_foam_foundries_find_energysaving_opportunities Hobert E. Eppicch, Implementa tion ofMetal Casting Best Practices, Retrieved July 28, 2009, from , http://www1. eere. energy. gov/industry/metalcasting/pdfs/implementation_final. pdf

CSR and Corporate Identity

CSR and Corporate Identity Assignment Question : Outline a research question that can be investigated using qualitative methods. Describe a plan for how you will research that question. Your plan should include strategies for both data collection and data analysis. The rationale for the adoption of a particular form of data collection and analysis must be presented. 1. Introduction The purpose of this research is to investigate the gap between ideals and practices on corporate identity through corporate social responsibility (CSR) and build up practical findings to help corporations narrow the gap thus enabling them to enhance their CSR identity for both companies and employees. This study will focus on the case of large Korean corporations the so called ‘chaebol corporations (henceforth, chaebols). Chaebols are interesting cases to conduct CSR related research because chaebols use CSR for substituting their distorted corporate image and identity as ‘unethical, coming from illegal acts and unsound governance structure. In this sense, chaebols can be considered appropriate cases are currently grappling with a big gap between ideals and practices as the same pertain to their CSR identity. Exploring CSR identity and its effects on practice in chaebols will provide practical indications about the relationship between corporate identity strategy and its employees implementation and theoretical implications on chaebol related research. With multiple-case study strategy, this study will start by looking at corporate CSR identity on the organisational perspectives in case companies. Following this, the study will explore employees perception on corporate identity and CSR activities to identify and examine the factors that influence employee corporate identity and encourage employee participation in CSR activities. This is achieved using a triangulation method. This includes semi-structured interviews, focus group interviews and documentary analysis. In this paper, I will design the research plan with methodological strategy, data collection strategy and data analysis strategy including rationales respectively. 2. Research Questions Assumptions Research Questions The research questions will focus on exploring how CSR identity is conceptualised by companies and employees and how that resulting identity influences CSR practices in reality. Thus, the primary research questions are as follows: Q1. How do corporations conceptualise their CSR identity ? Q2. How does corporate identity formed at the organisational level influence the ethical identity of employees? Q3. What are the connections between the organisational level identity of CSR and employees participation in CSR activities? Assumptions Assumptions grounded in the logic of multi-faceted model of corporate identity (Soenen and Moingeon 2002) and employee performances are as bellow. This multi-faceted model of identity is not a measurement and it provides 5 categories of identity. A1. Corporate identity of CSR will affect employees participation for social activities. A2. Employees participation in CSR activities will increase when corporate identity and their strategies are aligned. A3. Professed identity will not affect employees participation in CSR activities. A4. Employees participation in CSR activities will be influenced by four types of identities when they are matched with each other. 3. Research Design (1) Research Method and Justifications This research will be conducted with a qualitative method. According to Creswell (2003), the main reason of using the qualitative method for research is because of exploratory character of study. As this study focuses on the perspectives of both the corporation itself and that of employees about CSR identity and CSR activities, qualitative methods of research and analysis are adopted. A qualitative method enables in-depth exploration of the CSR identity and, simultaneously, aid in understanding the conceptual relationships between ideals and practice about CSR identity and CSR activities. Moreover, as corporate identity which is formed by socially agreed concepts, and CSR, which has discursively constructed concepts, are both rather subjective, and changeable depending on the particular organisation, qualitative approach is more appropriate to understand how these identities can be conceptualised and formed in an organisational context. Comparing to qualitative methods, a quantitative approach rather focuses consideration on measurements and quantities of the traits established by the people or events of studies (Murray 2003). (2) Epistemological Approach While much research used quantitative method mainly takes a position of a functionalist or positivist stance, qualitative research can take almost all possible epistemological positions (Gephart 1999 ; Symon and Cassell 2004). This research overall takes an interpretive epistemological view with technically along with realistic point of view. While this research focuses on the specific cases of chaebols, the aim is not a generalization of findings. Instead, the findings might represent chaebol related issues. Taking an interpretivist view, sampling of target cases will be purposeful (Daymon and Holloway 2002) rather than being statistically and randomly representative sample. (3) Methodological Strategy and Technical Epistemological Justification Case Study Strategy Justifications This research will take the multiple-case study strategy as its methodological research strategy. There are two reasons for choosing a case study. First, as mentioned above, CSR itself is a very arguable concepts and the impact of CSR can vary depending on corporations conditions (Cho and Hong 2009) and corporate identity matters as well. As case study methodology draws insight from data gathered in research ( Stern 1998; Borgerson, Schroeder et al. 2009), to explore CSR and identity on both organisational and employees perspectives, it is a useful method to understand matters within the organisation context and obtain in-depth and empirical knowledge on them. Secondly, the case study approach is for this research as it enables the use of interview methods and company documents to collect data (Yin 2003) and also, verify the validity of the collected data. As for more replicable evidence, this research is based on multiple-case study of chaebol corporations. Ten cases are sufficient replications to obtain external validity. Compared to single-case designs, the evidence which is derived from multiple-case studies tends to be more compelling and being more powerful (Hersen and Barlow 1976 ; Yin 2003). The case sampling strategy will be explained in the data collection section. Even though the level of analysis is organisational, the unit of analysis is individual for example, managers and non-managerial employees who are directly and indirectly related to CSR identity and CSR activities in their organisations. (4) Data Collection Strategy and Technical Epistemological Justification 1) Triangulation Method The methods to gather the data will be triangulation methods: semi-structured in-depth interviews, focus group interviews and documentary analyses. The triangulation method is helpful to get an external validity in this research. Data sets obtained from each of 10 multiple-cases will be triangulated as figure 1. Semi-structured in-depth interviews A semi-structured interview will be conducted with managers and employees in the CSR department and strategy department. These informants can provide more specific and in-depth knowledge about their own experiences in face-to-face interviews. Even though other methods such as telephone or internet interviews, can also be carried out under the qualitative interview paradigm (King 2004), this research which deals with Korean managers and workers requires face-to-face interviews due to the greater importance of Korean culture in which direct contact can aid in obtaining greater details of the thoughts and experiences of interviewees. Focus Group interviews A focus group interview will be held with managers in other strategy related departments and with employees who have experience in CSR activities. The motivation for adopting this approach is that it allows participants to discuss their thinking and ideas about the CSR strategy and CSR identity with their colleagues at which point the similarities and differences on the perceptions of the participants about CSR can be investigated with greater ease. The advantage of using the focus group interview method at this stage is that it enables participants to get an idea from their colleagues so that they can reflect back on their thinking and their own experiences (King 2004). The questions which will be asked in the interviews will vary depending on the targets. In managerial level interviews, interviewees will be asked about how they conceptualise and identify CSR in terms of the 4 categories of responsibilities as classified by Carroll (Carroll 1999). In the non-managerial level interviews, interviewees will be asked about how they define their corporate identity in terms of CSR and how these identities affect their CSR participation. All of the interviews will be tape-recorded with the interviewees permission for later transcription. Documentary Analysis With regards to the validity of data collection, I will use the triangulation method with documentary analysis in addition to the focus group interview and the semi-structured interview. With respect to the documentary analysis, I will use CSR annual reports which are organised according to reporting guidelines (e.g. GRI Guideline). These reports will be accessed via companies webpage. 2) Sampling Strategy The case companies will be selected according to the ‘Most admirable companies in Korea 2009 ranking complied by the Korea Management Association (KMA). This index ranks companies, according to a consumer survey and employee survey, in terms of the companies ethical image and identity. If ranked in the top level, the company is considered to be, to some extent, ethical and philanthropic and is considered to have CSR strategies and programmes that are more systematically designed than those of other companies. After selecting the 10 top ranked companies as sample cases, interview targets will be selected by a purposive sampling strategy. This is because CSR requires professional knowledge through strategy planning and implementation at the organisational level. In this sense, managerial levels and non-managerial levels in CSR related departments will be considered the target samples for semi-structured in-depth interviews. Those located in other departments will be the target sa mple on focus group interviews. I will contact these targets by email and telephone and in some of the aforementioned cases, have already established initial connections. 3) Epistemological justifications In terms of epistemological position, this research will have realist assumptions interviewees accounts are assumed to indicate awareness about their actual experiences of CSR involvement. This realist approach will make it possible to gather more accurate accounts by comparing the findings from the interview with the documentary analysis. In qualitative research, interview methods aim â€Å"to see the research topic from the perspectives of the interviewee and understanding how and why they come to have this particular perspective† (King 2004). As this research takes the realist approach, the interview will be more structured and systematically prepared compared to, for example, interviews conducted by constructivists or phenomenologists (Pawson and Tilley 1997). 5) Data Analysis Strategy 1) Template Analysis Epistemological Justification Analysis of this research will be conducted via the templates technique. According to King (2004), template analysis as a set of techniques that can be used in realist work. It admits a positivistic position and is particularly useful for research that aims to compare different or similar perspectives of target groups within an organisational context (King 2004). In this sense, this research which relies on realistic epistemological viewpoints and is aims to examine CSR concepts and identity strategy as perceived by corporations and employees, templates analysis provides the most suitable way to produce a list of theme codes which, in turn, derive the concepts and definitions of CSR identity from the informants own words within a theoretical framework thus enabling the analysis to develop new theoretical and empirical implications. As mentioned previously, this research will focus on how corporations and employees perceive CSR concepts and identity from their experience on corporations CSR strategy and implementation, which means the words and expressions coming from their own perceptions, can be extremely varied. Therefore, creating the initial template with a few defined codes (King 2004) and starting with this initial template will be a very helpful to guide analysis as well as to collect data. Compared to other techniques such as grounded theory and repertory grids, this research starts with a theoretical framework and needs organisational level analysis. Using the template analysis, the process of conducting research will proceed as follows. First, to construct the initial template, interview guides will be prepared from a literature review and informal anecdotal evidence from the authors own experience. This interview guide will include minimum information so as to gain more ideas from the interviewees. Thus, the initial template will begin in a simplified format and consist of the 3 highest-order codes and two or three subdivided lower-order codes. It will then be subject to a processes of insertion and deletion with changes in the higher-order classifications (King 2004) after the first focused group interviews. For this, at the beginning of the first focus group interview, interviewees will be asked to express their opinions and perceptions on CSR under the three highest-order codes and several lower-order codes following the brief topic guideline. They focus group interviewees can then proceed with their discussions. After each interview, the initial template will be edited and added with some new codes if the issues are not found to be covered by the presented codes. 4. Limitations Conclusions This study has limitations in terms of generalization due to the small sample size. This is because a small number of respondents cannot be representative of the entire companys view, even though the propositions are proved by the respondents. The findings from this qualitative study may, thus, be considered preliminary. Further research, conducted using larger samples and adopting longitudinal analysis can aid to make the findings of the present research more robust. Moreover, given their unique governance system and political background in social context (Kim and Lee 2003), at present, chaebol related research tends to be conducted with an institutionalist approach. However, in this research, these factors are excluded as the focus is being kept on the organisational and individual level of the perception making process. This study will show the gap of corporate identity between ideals and practices and how employees are influenced by corporate identity in CSR practices. By using qualitative approaches with a case study strategy, this research will have practical implications for managers who work in CSR departments, viz., it will identify how to connect their strategy to employees ethical identification and participation. Reference Borgerson, J. L., J. E. Schroeder, et al. (2009). Corporate communication, ethics, and operational identity: A case study of Benetton. Business Ethics: A European Review 18(3): 209-223. Carroll, A. B. (1999). Corporate Social Responsiblity. Business Society 38(3): 268-295. Cho, S. and Y. Hong (2009). Netizens evaluations of corporate social responsibility: Contents analysis of CSR news stories and online readers comments. Public Relations Review 35: 147-149. Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Thousand Oaks, California, Sage Publications, Inc. Daymon, C. and I. Holloway (2002). Qualitative Research Method in Public Relations and Marketing Communications. London, Routledge. Gephart, R. (1999). Paradigms and Research Methods. Research Methods Forum 4. Hersen, M. and D. H. Barlow (1976). Single-case Experimental Designs: Strategies for Studying Behavior New York, Pergamon. Kim, B. and I. Lee (2003). Agency problems and performance of Korean companies during the Asian financial crisis: Chaebol vs. non-chaebol firms. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal 11(327-348). King, N., Ed. (2004). Using Interviews in Qualitative Research. Essential Guide to Qualitative Methods in Organizational Research. London, SAGE Publications Ltd. King, N., Ed. (2004). Using Templates in the Thematic Analysis of Text. Essential Guide to Qualitative Methods in Organizational Research. London, SAGE Publications Inc. Murray, T. R. (2003). Blending Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods in Theses and Dissertations. Thousand Oaks, California, Corwin Press, Inc. Pawson, R. and N. Tilley (1997). Realistic Evaluation. London, SAGE Publications Inc. Soenen, G. and B. Moingeon, Eds. (2002). The five facets of collective identities. Integrating corporate and organizational identity. Corporate and Organizational Identities: Integrating Strategy, Marketing, Communication and Organizational Perspectives. London, Routledge. Stern, B. B., Ed. (1998). Representing Consumers: Voices, Views and Visions. New York, Routledge. Symon, G. and C. Cassell, Eds. (2004). Promoting New Research Practices in Organizational Research. Essential Guide to Qualitative Methods in Organizational Research. London, SAGE Publications Ltd. Yin, R. K. (2003). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA, SAGE Publications.

Concepts and Definitions in Operational Management

Concepts and Definitions in Operational Management Question 1: Answer: OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT Operational management refers to managing the operations of an organization. Managing the operations means to manage the resources and follow the policies and procedures of any organization. The basic and most important operation of management is to process the inputs into outputs to get desired results. The meaning of operational management contains words i.e. resources, systems, conversion or transformation and outputs. (Business) These words can be explained as :- RESOURCESResources are the man, material and money in the organization. Man or staff is the major or key requirement in an organization. Material is also very important because without availability of material production cannot be possible. And money or capital is required for hiring staff and for purchasing the raw material so that the raw material can be converted into finished products through production. SYSTEMS There is a system which every company has to follow. Every organization has some policies and procedures which helps the organization to achieve their goals and helps in profit maximization. If the work done in an organization is according to the plan then it helps in attaining the goal of the company. Planning is the first and important step of management. Without planning no other function can be performed in an organization. CONVERSION Conversion means converted the inputs (i.e. the raw material) into outputs (i.e. finished goods). In an organization raw material can be converted into work in progress and then into finished goods. When the material is transformated from inputs to outputs then this process is known as productivity. OUTPUTS Outputs are the final results which each organization gets after conversion of inputs into finished products. If the value of outputs is greater than the cost of inputs used then we can say that the value is added to product hence the output helps in increasing profits of company. (outputs) THE STRATEGIC ROLE OF OPERATIONS :- CUSTOMER SATISFACTIONThe basic objective of operating systems is to satisfy the customers by giving them better products at low cost and by giving them better services than other companies . Consumers can be satisfied if the products are not too costly and available on time. (Understanding operations management) RESOURCE UTILISATIONAnother major objective of operating systems is to utilize resources for the satisfaction of customer wants effectively. Customer service must be provided with the achievement of effective operations through efficient use of resources. Inefficient use of resources or inadequate customer service leads to commercial failure of an operating system. EFFICIENCY Another objective of operational management is efficiency. Efficiency is must in every organization .Higher efficiency helps in less wastage of resources. If the resources are not wasted then it will lead to less per unit cost of production. Efficiency helps in specialization of staff. QUALITY Quality is also another important objective of operational management. Every customer wants a product which is very good in quality and also with less cost. Quality helps in satisfying the customers and if the customer is satisfied then effective relation can be build between consumers and organization. ADAPTABILITY if the quantity and quality of the product is upto the mark and also the price of the product is affordable then that product is survived in long run that means the product helps for future survival of the company. Question 2: Answer:   Production means step-by-step conversion of raw material into work in progress and from work in progress into finished goods. Production is an important and essential function of any organization. Without doing production no organization can survive or remain existing. CLASSIFICATION OF PRODUCTION SYSTEMProduction systems can be classified as Job-shop, Batch, Mass and Continuous production systems. Job-Shop Production: When only one product or a few quantity of products are manufactured and the product which are produced is as per the specification given by the customers then that type of production is known as Job shop production. (products-services) Advantages: It helps in availability of more variety of products. It helps in improving the skills of the employees. More creative ideas of employees can be used in this method of production system. Limitations More staff is required as the productiin is few. High time consumed in less production. Production planning is complicated. More wastage of resources resulting in higher per unit cost of production. Batch Production : When the production is done in lots or batches then this productionis known as batch production. In this type of production the lots are not producing continuously but in limited quantity. (production-system) Advantages Cost per unit is low. Batch production helps in job satisfaction.   It helps in better utilization of resources. It requires low investments for production as the production is not done in bulk quantity. Limitations Handling of material is very difficult. More material is required hence more wastage of resources. Mass Production : When the production is done in bulk quantity and continuous then that type of production is known as mass production. In this type of production the machines are arranged in a line. Advantages Per unit cost of every production is low. Less time is consumed in producing bulk quantity. With less material quantity higher production can be done. Mass production helps in less wastage of resources.   Limitations Mass production requires higher investments and resources. If the machine used in producing bulk quantity is damaged or breakdown then whole production line will be stopped. Continuous Production : When the production is done continuously   i.e. the production starts from using the raw material and ends with finished products. This type of production is done when the handling of material is fully automated. (continuous-production-system) Advantages Less time is consumed in producing more units. It helps in more utilization of available resources. It helps in less wastage of resources. Per unit cost is low in continuous production. Disadvantages It requires very high investment. If manufacturer want to do any change in any product then it is not posdible. Question 3: After critically evaluating the key operational levers, discuss which can be applied to management of service operations of Ryanair for the proactive management of customer experience. [ 15 Marks] Answer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What is a lever? levers are initiatives that a client can undertake in order to drive the desired impact.   There is usually a limitless number of things a company can consider trying in order to improve their business. (Industry week) Five key levers to productivity improvement every day There are Five key levers for every day improvement. These levers can be explained as : 1. Cost structure Cost structure is a method of determine how much it will cost a company to manufacture a product and how much profit will be recognized from manufacturing a product. It is very important to structure or manage the cost. So that the per unit cost of a product decreases and profit from that product increases. If the cost of the final output is more than the cost of the input then it can be said that the value is added to the product. 2. Organization of work In any organization if the working of the organization is according to the plans and policies then this also helps in better utilization of resources and helps in achieving of organizational goals. This helps in restructuring of an organization. (aggregate-sales-and-operations-planning) 3. Business processes Business process is a collection of related structured activities that produce a specific product for a particular customer. This lever contains work as a team and if the employees of the company are worked together without any chaos then it helps in improving the position of business because it is very important for every organization to work in cordinating with the employees. 4. Knowledge management Knowledge management means managing the knowledge and information of an organization. Knowledge management helps in improving the performance of the company. With this lever an organization can do more innovations results in providing better products to consumers than their competitives. It also helps in continuous improvement of the organization. 5. Information Technology (IT) It is the application of computers to store,study and manipulate the data or information of the business. Business need to take charge of this lever and starts IT in its process. IT helps in storing and saving the data or information of any enterprise and that information can be used whenever it is required. This will help in reducing paper work in the organization. CONCLUSION There are several levers which helps in improving everyday business works. These levers has to be integrated into business as soon as possible to drive the desired impact. These levers helps in achieving of organization objectives efficiently and effectively and improves the working of the organization. References aggregate-sales-and-operations-planning. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://museum-madness.blogspot.co.nz/2011/12/aggregate-sales-and-operations-planning.html Business. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.boundless.com/business/textbooks/boundless-business-textbook/operations-management-10/introduction-to-operations-management-69/a-study-of-process-328-7195/: https://www.boundless.com/business/textbooks/boundless-business-textbook/operations-management-10/introduction-to-operations-management-69/a-study-of-process-328-7195/ continuous-production-system. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://kalyan-city.blogspot.co.nz/2012/02/types-of-continuous-production-system.html Industry week. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.industryweek.com/growth-strategies/levers-mastering-margins outputs. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.open.edu/openlearn/money-management/management/leadership-and-management/understanding-operations-management/content-section-3.3 production-system. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://kalyan-city.blogspot.co.nz/2012/02/what-is-production-system-definition.html products-services. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.archives.gov/preservation/products/definitions/products-services.html Understanding operations management. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.open.edu/openlearn/money-management/management/leadership-and-management/understanding-operations-management/content-section-3.4

Jesse Jackson vs. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. :: American History Racism Essays

Jesse Jackson vs. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. There are three ways to feel towards racism: accept it, hate it or be neutral. However, according to Jesse Jackson in his essay â€Å"Jets of Water Blast Civil Rights Demonstrators† and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in his â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† there are only two feelings, for it or against it. They both use the acts of oppression in Birmingham to instigate their feelings. The disparity, though, is that Dr. King experienced the oppressive acts first hand, while Jackson gains passion on the incidents from pictures. Jackson and King share a similar side of extreme anti-segregation, but differ in the way acts of oppression affect them and in their views of who holds the power to control these acts. Pictures to Jesse Jackson are more than just images on a page. In his essay Jackson refers to a picture where innocent kids are being hosed down because of their race. Jackson believes pictures like these made people want to fight back. He feels this particular picture â€Å"made the determination of the African-Americans public† (Jackson 333). The other result of the picture was it left no middle area. There was no place for neutrality on the matter and as a result two positions remained: support of segregation or disapproval of it. Jackson goes on to mention the general importance of pictures. He generalizes that pictures are more powerful than words because they â€Å"live in one’s memory† (334). The picture of the hosed children is why Jackson feels so strongly against separation. This photograph gives him the passion to speak, and when he speaks, he speaks pictures. Dr. King on the other hand finds experience creates passion and determination a gainst segregation. He speaks with emotion in his letter, giving a whole paragraph of detailed reasons why he and others feel the way they do. King mentions that it is easy for those who have not suffered from â€Å"the stinging darts of segregation† to take an inactive role in stopping segregation. King experiences its harshness and cruelties and wishes to take an active role: â€Å"When you have seen vicious mobs lynch your mothers and your fathers at will†¦then you will understand why we find it difficult to wait† (King).

Social Movements Compartion Essay -- Sociology

Introduction Why is it that specific movements succeed in broadening the scope and scales of the struggle, whereas other do not? Given the dearth of resources at their disposal, social movements see to attract the attention, empathy, and support of third parties, as a way to balance the unfavorable asymmetric power structure in which they are situated. The importance of expanding the scope of contention and attracting supporters become even more critical in cases of ethnic driven movements, given the nature of their goals and the frequency with which restrictions are imposed on their collective sentiments by the state. Globalization and the Battle of Seattle Globalization describes what a number of people perceive as a fundamental change in the conditions of human life. Just what has changed and how it has changed, however, are matters of great contention. Nonetheless, current writing on globalization focuses on some specific trends that appear to have pushed the sources and implications of social action beyond state borders. Recent transformations in transportation and communications technologies have altered our sense of distance, radically compressing time and space. Territorial states have apparently lost some of their capacities to establish order or mediate change within their borders. The number and power of intergovernmental institutions and multinational corporations have grown remarkably. The communications media are increasingly global in both their reference and their reach, and the media also help provide resources in the building of transnational epistemic communities of immigrants or like-minded activists. Social movements ride the waves of these global processes and formations; in turn, they begin to define ne... .... (1997). Arab national communism in the Jewish state. Gainesville, FL: Florida University Press Keck, Margaret, and Kathryn Sikkink. 1998. Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.. Landau, J. (1991). The Arab minority in Israel, 1967– 1991: Political aspects. New York: Oxford University Press. Lustick, I. (1980b). Arabs in the Jewish State: A study in the effective control of a minority population. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. Neuberger, B. (1993). The Arab minority in Israeli politics 1948-1992: From marginality to influence. Asian and Africa Studies, 27, 149-169 Peoples’ Global Action. 2000. â€Å"Worldwide Resistance Roundup: Newsletter ‘Inspired by’ Peoples’ Global Action.† London. UN Development Programme. 2000. Human development report 2000: Overcoming human poverty. New York: UNCP

Summary Report: Strategic Alignment: Leveraging Information Technology for transforming Organizations :: essays research papers

Strategic Alignment: Leveraging Information Technology for transforming Organizations Based on the paper of J.C. Henderson, N. Venkatraman (1993) by Philipp Maderthaner A. Summary Henderson and Venkatraman proposed a model for business – IT alignment; it was intended to support the integration of information technology (IT) into business strategy by advocating alignment between and within four domains (see figure 1). The inter-domain alignment is pursued along two dimensions: strategic fit (between the external and internal domain) and functional integration (between the business domain and the IT domain). The objective of this model was to provide a way to align information technology with business objectives in order to realise value from IT investments. The authors argued that the potential strategic impact of information technology requires both an understanding of the critical components of IT strategy and its role in supporting and shaping business strategy decisions and a process of continuous adaptation and change. Hence, they presented a model that defines the range of strategic choices facing managers. Figure 1 Strategic Alignment Model Two main imperatives for managers are pointed out by Venkatraman and Henderson: First, similar to business strategy, IT strategy has to consider both internal as well as external aspects. Second, both internal/external alignment as well as functional integration must be taken into account. Only one of them is not sufficient. Overview about the four dominant alignment perspectives: 1. Strategy execution This strategy assumes that an articulated business strategy is the driver of both organizational design choices and the design of IT infrastructure. The alignment is said to be the most common and widely understood perspective, as it corresponds to the classic, hierarchical view of strategic management. Driver:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Business Strategy Role of Top Management:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strategy Formulator Role of IT Management: Strategy Implementer Performance Criteria: Cost/Service Center 2. Technology transformation This alignment involves the assessment of implementing the chosen business strategy through appropriate IT strategy and the articulation of the required IT infrastructure and processes. This strategy is not constrained by the current organization design, but instead seeks to identify the best possible IT competencies through appropriate positioning in IT marketplaces. Driver:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Business Strategy Role of Top Management:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technology Visionary Role of IT Management: Technology Architect Performance Criteria: Technology Leadership 3. Competitive Potential This perspective is concerned with the exploitation of emerging IT capabilities to impact new products and services (business scope), influence the key attributes of strategy (distinctive competencies) and develop new forms of relationships (business governance). Driver:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  IT Strategy Role of Top Management:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Business Visionary Role of IT Management: Catalyst Performance Criteria: Business Leadership 4. Service Level The service level alignment perspective focuses – as the name shows – on how to build a world-class IT service organization.

Marketing Report Bokomo Foods Essay

1.0. A report presenting market data in order to inform a cereal company Bokomo Ltd. To consider whether to expand more in the United Kingdom market. 2.0 Executive summary. This is a short report, containing marketing data on both the cereal market and a specific business, Bokomo UK. The data was obtained from secondary marketing research. Bokomo ´s website was one of the main reference guide. With the findings and analysis, it was recommended that Bokomo should expand their own brand products more in the UK. The PEST analysis of the UK grocery industry included in this report was used to highlight the external factors that can affect Bokomo’s operation and interpret how these factors will influence Bokomo. Furthermore, through the market analysis it was found that Kellogg’s and Weetabix mainly lead the cereal industry, followed by Nestle and Jordans. These companies have a wide range of brands targeted at different consumers, and they have customer loyalty, which can make it harder for newer companies to enter this sector. As mentioned before, in the cereal market there are a large variety of targeted consumers like children, women, and families. The main key trends in the market are convenient snacks and consciousness towards health. Apart from that, own branded labels are also gaining popularity as they offer consumers the same product at a cheaper price. SWOT analysis allowed us to devise the company’s internal analysis. Strengths included their well-known reputation and customers such as large food retailers (Tesco ´s), to which they sell manufacture and packaging services. Weaknesses consist of the negative aspects the company faces, including their not household name, and general negative publicity they face in this complex sector. Opportunities were devised from the social factors from the PEST analysis as changes in consumer tastes and trends are opportunities were this company can benefit from by meeting those needs. These were also  an important part of the report as it affected the final recommendations for the company. Threats included the financial recession and increasing levels of immigration. Bokomo Foods is a major cereal producer in the United Kingdom, established around 80 years ago. Despite not being a household name, is a UK leading cereal maker and the company has achieved diversity by producing a range of own-label products. Furthermore, they manufacture branded products for large companies, as well as branded packaging services like Bag in Box, Pot or Pouch. All of these services are for leading retailers such as Tesco ´s, Sainsbury ´s and Morrison’s, among many others. 3.0 Introduction + Aim. This is a report whose aim is to present market data in order to inform Bokomo plc. a cereal company, whether further expansion in the UK market is beneficial at this time. The report will identify and analyse the current business situation, using SWOT analysis, and review the macroeconomic perspective of the general UK grocery industry using PEST analysis. The SWOT analysis will help us examine the specific company factors, as it is essential to understand these in order to relate them back to the PEST and market trends. Both internal and external factors affect how Bokomo will operate now and in the future. 4.0 The grocery market environment – PEST analysis 4.1 Political Political factors have a great influence on the analysis of external factors since they are determined by the degree of government intervention in the economy. The political situation in the UK is stable. Her Majesty’s Government, led by Prime Minister David Cameron of the Conservative Party, is mainly concerned about the financial crisis affecting economies all over the world and to strengthen the economic position of UK globally. Through employment legislations, the government encourages retailers to provide a mix of job opportunities from flexible, lower-paid and locally-based jobs to highly-skilled, higher-paid and centrally-located jobs (Balchin, 1994). Migration has a large impact on the grocery industry, as it provides new customers, as well as opportunities for supermarkets to cater to the different culinary cultures of immigrants. Migration also leads to a change in size of labour pool, which could have an effect on the availability of workers. Latest figures from the Office for National Statistics show some 503,000 people came to live in the UK in the year ending June 2013, compared with 517,000 people the previous year (ONS.gov, 2013). 4.2 Economic Economic factors are important to consider in regard to the UK grocery market, as they are highly influential to demand, costs, prices, and profit. One of the most influential factors on the economy is high unemployment level, which decreases the effective demand for many goods, adversely affecting the demand required to produce such goods. Unemployment in the UK is at 7.1% as of January 2014, according to BBC. Another highly relevant economic factor is the grocery market size and the market growth. IGD forecast that the UK grocery market value will be worth  £205.9bn in 2018, a 21.3% increase on 2013 (IGD.com, 2013). This is beneficial news to Bokomo, since any expansion would be possible in regard to the availability of area in the market to expand. Another market characteristic of importance is the amount of spending on groceries in regard to overall retail expenditure in the UK. The grocery market’s share accounts for 54.9p in every  £1 of UK retail spending (IGD.com, 2013). 4.3 Social According to Askew (2013) sales in the cereal industry have been under pressure in these past years, especially due to the changing social trends and habits of consumers. Even though sales in this market have been stable, growth has been slow. Traditional breakfast habits have changed and people consume fewer cereals because of a busier lifestyle. Also increasing number of consumers skip breakfast. An increase in female workers has also had an impact on this, which is why competition for convenient options is growing  more each time. An increasing number of people now look for easy and quick alternatives to sitting down and eating. However, they expect to receive the same nutrients and healthy benefits with these convenient options. A growing number of women now pay special attention to what they are eating, checking the labeling, nutritional information and ingredients of each product. Increasingly, women have a greater concern with their weight and healthy eating. Lately, the demand for children’s cereals has declined because of the sugar content it has. Cereal companies use marketing to their advantage and attract kids with unhealthy products. Their main source has been television adverts and most of the cereals for children have high sugar content with low nutritional value, a fact of which more parents are aware. Apart from consumer concerns about health, they are also becoming more aware of the environment. In this specific market, many cereal companies now control their water use, energy use, waste produced, etc. Most of them also pay close attention to the packaging of the product, like using recycled packaging. Another social factor that affects the grocery market in general is the diverse culture in UK. There are so many people with different cultures that do not choose cereals as their first choice for breakfast; instead they have their own eating habits. Therefore, it is important for the producers in the grocery market to understand the needs of the entire population and meet them. Furthermore, supermarket own-brand products have gained a lot of popularity because of the economic downturn. As consumers have limited spending power, they prefer spending on a cheaper product that allows them to get the same benefits. 4.4 Technological In the present technological age, everyone, from personal to professional  interaction, is highly reliant on technology. Therefore, technological advances are important for the development and maintenance of business culture. Advances in technology have allowed the grocery industry to grow. An excellent example is the demise of Blockbuster, who was reluctant to explore online options, and their consequent refusal to buy Netflix and to adapt to changing trends lead to their bankruptcy and final closure on January 14, 2014. Online grocery shopping holds 11% of the distribution channels of the UK grocery market and predictions suggest online sales in the US will grow by 15% in 2014 to  £189.3 billion, while in Europe, sales are expected to rise by 18% to  £131.2 billion. Online shopping has helped people spend their day more efficiently and reduced the effort of having to carry heavy grocery bags. Technological advances at the supermarket has contributed to more efficient customer service and stocking efforts. The adoption of Electronic Point of Sale (EPoS), Electronic Funds Transfer Systems (EFTPoS) and electronic scanners have greatly improved the efficiency of distribution and stocking activities, with needs being communicated almost in real time to the supplier (Finch, 2004). Devices such as the self-checkout machine and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) have permitted the grocery industry to grow and accommodate customers in an effective way. 5.0 Description of product specific market 5.1 Main competitors The leading cereal brands and the biggest competitors of Bokomo cereals in the UK are Kellogg’s and Weetabix, reported Companies&Markets (2013). Kellogg’s arrived in the UK in 1922 and since then has maintained its position in the market, by focusing on innovation and expansion of their products. In 2012, it had 32% of value share, leading in the UK cereal market offering a wide range of products. Over the years, Kellogg’s has expanded to over 180 countries in the world and has around 39 brands of cereals. Weetabix, on the other hand, was launched in 1932; it has been a  long-standing brand and has fought its competitors to stay in this position in the UK. Weetabix has also introduced many different brands and has been innovating to adapt to consumer preferences over the years. Also Jordans, a breakfast cereal company based in Bedfordshire, founded in 1855. Although, the company produced its first cereal in 1981 called Original Crunchy, it was in the years between 2000 and 2005 when it faced rapid growth and became one of the largest cereal brands in the UK. Its great focus over the years has been on the packaging, to make it stand out in grocery stores and it is also known to be included in the â€Å"healthy, natural cereal segment† Moreover, Nestle formed in 1990. It was launched as a joint venture between General Mills and Nestle S.A. and named Cereal Partners Worldwide (CPW). They offer the traditional cereals, as well as a range of brands including the world-known Cheerios. 5.2 Targeted consumers Cereal companies target many different kinds of people, although the easiest group of people to target has been children. BMSG (2013) stated they do it through advertisements on television, and somehow try to grab their attention by creating colourful, animated images and providing gifts in the cereal box each time. Another group targeted in this sector are the women because of their increasing concern for health and weight loss. Along with the children, women also form a big part of the consumers of this market. Nowadays, there are so many brands that have launched low-fat cereals and cereal bars also. Some also provide some advice, tips and dietary plans, Nytimes article (2010). Generally, families in the UK are also targeted consumers because some families still sit and have their meals together and believe that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. Apart from that, families are more concerned with what they are eating, especially making sure that the smaller ones eat healthy (Marketingmagazine(2010) Unlike maybe some students at university who would not pay so much attention to their breakfast, particularly not on a daily basis. 5.3 Key trends in the cereal market Marketingmagazine (2008) stated A rising key trend in the cereal industry is the quick and convenient ‘good to go’ snacks, like cereal bars. Cereal bars have gained a lot of popularity among a wide range of audience in recent years because people not having time for breakfast. Due to this reason, there has been a significant decline in the sales of the cereal market. Companies have been mostly focusing on this convenient aspect of the market so that people don’t just skip breakfast entirely and their business doesn’t face a loss. As health also plays a crucial role in this market and recently people are more conscious about what they are putting in their body, convenient snacks are the best option as they cover both points. Nowadays, ‘good to go’ snacks are not just used for breakfast but also during the entire day as an alternative to other unhealthy snacks. As a result of the sudden popularity of these snacks, now there are a great variety of them in different formats. On the other hand, the popularity of own branded labels is growing in the grocery market. It saves consumers a significant amount of money and they offer a similar or better quality product. It has resulted in a much higher level of competition in the market. 5.4 SWOT Analysis Bokomo website (2014) 5.4.1 Strengths Bokomo is UK’s leading cereal maker; this is a major strength as they have established a firm position in the British cereal market. They operate in various markets inside the cereal industry, providing food manufacture, retailing and catering. Bokomo can provide tasty, fresh cereal products any business is looking for, at a very competitive and cost-effective price†. British company (although owned by South Africa’s Pioneer Foods) with substantial manufacturing plants in Wellingborough and Peterborough. This means Bokomo has the resources and specialist expertise to offer unique flexible manufacturing and packaging services. Companies needing a brand-new  breakfast cereal raced through New Product Development (NPD) or an innovative production line set up in record time can contact Bokomo. This makes them have an advantage as nowadays there are many organisations looking for branded cereal products. Bokomo is a world-class player, and in order to maintain that s tatus they need world-class facilities. They have two factories in the UK, specifically in Wellingborough and Peterborough. These factories offer them a cutting-edge manufacturing plant, in other words, the latest, high quality, reliable and sustainable facilities. This leads to the production of high quality products. Food standards are also controlled and supported by SAP business information software, which makes customers feel more confident and secure with the products and services Bokomo delivers. Bokomo ´s experts in the management team and the company ´s aim of constantly innovating and removing old production facilities has helped them produce large quantities of high quality products very efficiently and to the shortest imaginable lead-times. Their customers know Bokomo as a business that main objectives is to offer high quality products. This has been maintained by using high quality ingredients and top experts in recipe formulation. They are one of only 2 manufactures that produce wheat biscuits in the Northern hemisphere enabled them to have the largest control and knowledge of this production process. Even if Bokomo UK is based in the United Kingdom, they have also diversified. Geographic market diversification has enabled them to sell in many countries around Europe, Scandinavia and even as far as the United States of America or the United Arab Emirates 5.4.2 Weaknesses Bokomo stated â€Å"you’ve possibly never heard of us† – this means that individual customers do not know them as their own – branded products is very niche, and they are more specialized in producing in a business to business way. This is a very common weakness for companies that operate Behind the Brand. Constant changing of consumer’s tastes (opting for cereal bars, instant porridge or other breakfast solutions) can be considered a weakness, as its difficult and expensive to innovate and keep up to meet their needs. Difficulties to compete with well known brands cereals  products such as Corn Flakes, Crunchy Nut, Special K. Have to create a delicious product that attracts customers quickly and expensive to implement the R&D and marketing. On the other hand it can also be considered and opportunity. Negative publicity to which ready-to-eat cereals have been subjected due to their high sugar content 5.4.3 Opportunities Social trends are important opportunities for Bokomo. Customers aiming towards healthy living or any other lifestyle changes means there is an opportunity towards which research and operate in. They have achieved and been keeping up to date with this as they have many products related to this trend. Great health benefits, such as products enabling the final consumer to control cholesterol levels. Multi-grain flake is another trend and potential opportunity for Bokomo. Consumers are changing their tastes towards healthier goods, and leaving behind old-fashioned sugary confections. Consumers are also increasingly purchasing Branflakes as they are considered to be great for supporting a healthy digestive system. Another trend â€Å"busier schedules†, people are increasingly feeling they have no time to spend on having breakfast and snacks. Bokomo muesli is available to cater for the increasing demand for â€Å"breakfast on the go†. They offer them in bags and boxes, which facilitates the final customer to transport to their work place. This is an example of an opportunity for Bokomo because if they keep-up to date with trends, they will become more efficient and desirable for large retailers to purchase their products, and everyone will benefit form the sales. UK retailers are also focusing on added-value products: Add value by introducing natural minerals and vitamins into whole grain wheat and making the final product more healthy and nutritional. Own-label share of the business mix for large supermarket retailers. It is a main direction for Bokomo to go towards to as they can increase considerably their business operations, as the focus is now towards manufacturing own-label and branded products. Bokomo has realized the immense potential for expansion as the large retailers keep increasing the sale of this type of good. ‘One-stop’ shopping, or shopping in large supermarkets were customers can find any type of product in the same building has been  beneficial for Bokomo as these businesses are their main clients. If they increase their sales, Bokomo will also benefit from this, as they will sell them more and so increase revenue will mean increase levels of profitability. 5.4.4 Threats The cereal industry offers products which are considered to be relatively expensive, which can be easily replaced with simpler breakfast choices such as bread. The financial recession has been a main factor for the decrease in expenditure, specially concerning families, as there are other much cheaper products to replace the cereals and cereal bars. High unemployment has made a substantial impact on the demand for such goods, adversely affecting the demand required to product those goods. Increasing levels of immigration specially in the UK, has meant that they do not have the same culinary cultures and so those breakfast products will not satisfy the needs and wants of everyone. 5.0 Recommendations With the above analysis it is better for the company to target smaller retailers where their own labeled products won’t be affected by competitive brands like Kellogg’s, and when they achieve this they should concentrate more on developing their own branded products around the UK. As mentioned above in the SWOT analysis, cereal products are considered to be expensive due to the added value implemented on them so it would be better to decrease these levels of adding value and start off with lower prices, in recession periods. 6.0 Limitations Bokomo website allowed us to obtain up-to-date and official information and statistics of the company. The information was limited because the company sold themselves and emphasized on its positive aspects because they have to promote their brand to the consumers. A part from this we also used other sources including, online articles about food industry, which helped us, get an un-biased view of the company and the cereal market as a whole. The  drawback of using other sources or secondary research was that the methods used were unknown so we examined the most official and valid sources. 7.0 References Askew, K. 2013. Breakfast cereal: Are cereal sales going soggy? [Online] Available at: http://www.just-food.com/analysis/are-cereal-sales-in-developed-markets-going-soggy_id123417.aspx Bainbridge, J. 2010. Sector insight: Breakfast cereals | Marketing Magazine. [Online] Available at: http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/article/990662/sector-insight-breakfast-cereals Bainbridge, J. 2008. Sector Insight: Cereal bars | Marketing Magazine. [Online] Available at: http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/article/817580/sector-insight-cereal-bars Balchin, A. (1994) Part-time Workers in the Multiple Retail Sector: Small Change from Employment Protection Legislation? Employee Relations, Vol. 16 Iss: 7, pp.43 – 57 BBC News. 2014. UK unemployment rate drops to 7.1%. [Online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-25841570 BERKELEY, C. 2013. Cereal companies leverage online marketing to target children with sugary products | Berkeley Media Studies Group. [Online] Available at: http://w ww.bmsg.org/newsroom/news-releases/cereal-companies-leverage-online-marketing-to-target-children-with-sugary-products Bodimeade, M. 2013. UK breakfast cereals market dominated by Kellogg’s and Weetabix. [Online] Available at: http://www.companiesandmarkets.com/News/Food-and-Drink/UK-breakfast-cereals-market-dominated-by-Kelloggs-and-Weetabix/NI6602 Bokomo.co.uk. n.d. About | Bokomo. [Online] Available at: http://bokomo.co.uk/about Business News Daily (November 22, 2013) PEST Analysis: Definition and Examples, Available at: http://www.businessnewsdaily.com/5512-pest-analysis-definition-examples-templates.html Euromonitor.com. 2013. Breakfast Cereals in the United Kingdom. [Online] Available at: http://www.euromonitor.com/breakfast-cereals-in-the-united-kingdom/report Igd.com. 2013. UK Grocery Retailing. [Online] Available at: http://www.igd.com/our-expertise/Retail/retail-outlook/3371/UK-Grocery-Retailing/ Internetretailing.net (March 18, 2014) UK retailers expected to make